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Adverse Health Effects from Cigarette Smoking
The adverse health effects from cigarette smoking account for
440,000 deaths, or nearly 1 of every 5 deaths, each year in the United
States.1,2 More deaths are caused each year by tobacco use
than by all deaths from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illegal
drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and murders
combined.1,3
Cancer
- The risk of dying
from lung cancer is more than 22 times higher among men who smoke
cigarettes, and about 12 times higher among women who smoke cigarettes
compared with never smokers.4
- Cigarette
smoking increases the risk for many types of cancer, including cancers
of the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, larynx
(voice box), lung, uterine cervix, urinary bladder, and kidney.5
- Rates of
cancers related to cigarette smoking vary widely among members of
racial/ethnic groups, but are generally highest in African-American men.6
Cardiovascular Disease (Heart and Circulatory System)
- Cigarette smokers are 24 times more likely to develop coronary heart disease than nonsmokers.5
- Cigarette smoking approximately doubles a person's risk for stroke.4,7
- Cigarette
smoking causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels
(arteries). Smokers are more than 10 times as likely as nonsmokers to
develop peripheral vascular disease.8
Respiratory Disease and Other Effects
- Cigarette smoking is associated with a ten-fold increase in the risk of dying from chronic obstructive lung disease.4 About 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive lung diseases are attributable to cigarette smoking.4,9
- Cigarette
smoking has many adverse reproductive and early childhood effects,
including an increased risk for infertility, preterm delivery,
stillbirth, low birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).9
- Postmenopausal
women who smoke have lower bone density than women who never smoked.
Women who smoke have an increased risk for hip fracture than never
smokers.9
References
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1 |
CDC. Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs?United States, 1995?1999. ( PDF - 225k) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2002;51(14):300?303. Accessed: February 2004.
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2 |
CDC. Health United States, 2003, With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. ( PDF - 119k) Hyattsville, MD: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2003. Accessed: February 2004.
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3 |
McGinnis J, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 1993;270:2207?2212.
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4 |
Novotny TE, Giovino GA. Tobacco use. In: Brownson RC, Remington PL, Davis JR (eds). Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Control. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1998. p.117?148.
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5 |
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking ? 25 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 1989. DHHS Pub. No. (CDC) 89-8411. Accessed: February 2004.
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6 |
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Tobacco
Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups?African Americans,
American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific
Islanders, and Hispanics: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 1998. Accessed: February 2004.
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7 |
Ockene IS, Miller
NH. Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke: a statement
for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Journal of American Health Association 1997;96(9):3243?3247.
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8 |
Fielding JE, Husten
CG, Eriksen MP. Tobacco: health effects and control. In: Maxcy KF,
Rosenau MJ, Last JM, Wallace RB, Doebbling BN (eds.). Public Health and Preventive Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill;1998. p.817?845.
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9 |
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2001. Accessed: February 2004.
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