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Organization
Like the directories and sub-directories in your computer, you must
find a way of filing information that you are trying to learn. Learn
from the general to the specific. Get an overview of your subject
first. Look for the main idea and conclusions, then organize the
information and examples that lead to those broader thoughts.
Repetition
Without repetition, most people can only recall about 20% of selected
material after a 24 hour period. By simply reviewing material once
after class to clarify and confirm what you have heard, and once again
later that day or evening, that figure improves significantly.
Visualization / Association
New data can be recalled more easily if it is stored near old data. New
data can be recalled easily if you can see how it compares with other
ideas (association), or if you can create a picture or diagram of it
(visualization). For example, by visualizing a computer and associating
this theory of learning with your computer's RAM and filing system, you
can easily recall and explain the human memory process.
Recitation / Explanation
Of all memory techniques, recitation works best. Put things into your
own words; explain it to a friend or classmate. The combination of
having the idea in your head, the words in your throat, and the sound
in your ears, is synergistic. It's more than just one way of encoding
information. It's three different ways of creating neural traces for
the same information and its recall.
Distribution
Marathon study sessions on one topic are not as effective as numerous,
short, intensive efforts. Take regular breaks; study something else.
Distribute your study and learning sessions throughout the day (the
exception is when you become so engrossed in writing a paper that you
can't stop).
Combination
Combine memory techniques to create a multi-modal encoding process. For
example, flash cards work well because you can use them repeatedly, at
different times of the day, see the stimulus word and hear yourself
explain the answer. (That's repetition, distribution, visualization and
explanation combined.)
Mnemonic Devices
Mnemonic devices are new words, acronyms, or creative sentences to
which you have tied the information you wish to recall. New words or
acronyms are created typically by using the first letter of a series of
words: NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), SCUBA
(self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) and ROY G. BIV (for the
visible spectrum) are classic examples. Creative sentences, like "every
good boy does fine" allow for easy recall of the musical notes on the
lines of a treble staff.
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